CHEMICAL AND PETROLEUM ENGINEEG DEPARTMENT UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY  NATURALLY FRACTURED RESERVOIRS SYLLABUS (ENCH 649)   Geologic Aspects    Definitions. Paleo stresses and in-situ stresses. Mechanical behavior of rock. Reasons for generation of fractures. Tectonic, regional, contractional  and surface related fractures. Storage capacity of matrix and fractures. Classification. Migration and accumulation of hydrocarbons in fractured reservoirs. Sources of information:      Direct:        Core analysis, drill cuttings, downhole cameras      Indirect:      Log analysis, well testing, inflatable packers and production history Radius of curvature. Mapping of fracture trends. Link to Unconventional Reservoirs.   Petrophysics   Comparison of dual porosity models. Use of triple porosity model. Cross-plotting techniques. Porosity exponent, m, in naturally fractured reservoirs. Water saturation exponent, n, in naturally fractured reservoirs. Water saturation in matrix, fractures and the composite system. P1/2 statistical analysis for calculating water saturation. Total, matrix, and fracture porosity. Fracture Completion Log. The uncertainty of calculating hydrocarbons-in-place. Use of conventional and specialized well logs for evaluation of naturally fractured reservoirs. Link to Unconventional Reservoirs. Well Testing Conventional reservoirs interpretation Naturally fractured reservoirs interpretation      Parameters lambda and omega      Fracture permeability and fracture-matrix average permeability      Fracture and total porosity Size of matrix blocks, effect of matrix block shape (Tectonic, regional and contractional fractures) and effect of partial secondary mineralization on pressure data Skin due to formation damage and pseudo-skin due to partial secondary mineralization within natural fractures Radius of investigation equation for fractured reservoirs Variable-rate buildup and drawdown Effect of a single seating fault and faults intersecting at any angle on pressure data (fault-related natural fractures) Bounded reservoirs Horizontal wells, effect of x, y, z anisotropy Type Curves      Uniform flux vertical fractures      Infinite conductivity vertical fractures      Finite conductivity vertical fractures      Horizontal fractures      Effective reservoir permeability and fracture half-length      Dual porosity systems without and with hydraulic fractures.      Dual porosity systems: Outer boundaries with or without pressure maintenance      Dual porosity systems: Pressure Interference in isotropic and anisotropic reservoirs Gas Wells Link to Unconventional Reservoirs. Completion Methods Open hole Perforated completions Advantages and disadvantages Hydraulic fracturing and acidizing Link to Unconventional Reservoirs. Tight Gas, Shale Gas, Tight Oil, Shale Oil, CBM Log interpretation Principles Performance forecast Principles These unconventional reservoirs are linked to naturally fractured reservoirs throughout the course. Horizontal Wells Advantages and Disadvantages Use and misuse Improvements in productivity Link to unconventional reservoirs. Primary Recovery Saturated and undersaturated reservoirs Fracture and effective system compressibility Relative permeability for fractures, matrix and composite system Material balance   Gas-oil ratio and oil saturation equations   for depletion and gas cap-drive reservoirs   Water-drive reservoirs   Recovery as a function of pressure and time   Well spacing Water and gas coning through fractures Production decline type curves Horizontal wells Link to unconventional reservoirs. Secondary Recovery Gas Injection Material balance, gas-oil ratio and oil saturation equations for depletion and gas cap drive reservoirs with dispersed gas injection Recovery as a function of pressure and time Well Spacing Water Injection       Areal sweep efficiency       Importance of fracture orientation Co-current and counter-current imbibition displacement Water Influx from conventional unfractured aquifers Water influx from naturally fractured aquifers Link to unconventional reservoirs. Case Histories Special features of naturally fractured reservoirs in sandstones,  carbonates, shales, chert, and basement rock Micro-simulation of naturally fractured cores Simulation of naturally fractured reservoirs Undiscovered naturally fractured reservoirs, why and how? Link to unconventional reservoirs.   Economic Considerations for Naturally fracture Reservoirs   Link to unconventional reservoirs.